English History (Roman Britain)

Roman Britain

After Caesar's expeditions, the Romans began their real attempt to conquer Britain in 43 AD, at the behest of the Emperor Claudius. They landed in Kent, and defeated two armies led by the kings of the Catuvellauni tribe, Caratacus and Togodumnus, in battles at the Medway and the Thames. Togodumnus was killed, and Caratacus fled to Wales. The Roman force, led by Aulus Plautius, then halted as Plautius sent for Claudius to come and finish the campaign. When Claudius arrived he led the final march on the Catuvellauni capital at Camulodunum, before returning to Rome again for his triumph. The Catuvellauni at this time held sway over the most of the southeastern corner of England; eleven local rulers surrendered, a number of client kingdoms were established, and the rest became a Roman province with Camulodunum as its capital.

Fourth century Chi-Rho fresco fromLullingstone Roman Villa, Kent which contains the only known Christian paintings from the Roman era in Britain.^[17]

Over the next four years, the territory was consolidated and the future emperor Vespasian led a campaign into the Southwest where he subjugated two more tribes. By 54 AD the border had been pushed back to the Severn and the Trent, and campaigns were underway to subjugate Northern England and Wales. In 60 AD however, under the leadership of the warrior-queen Boudicca, the tribes rose in revolt against the Romans. Camulodunum was burned to the ground, as well as Londinium and Verulamium, there is some archaeological evidence that the same happened at Winchester as well, and the Second Legion Augusta, stationed at Exeter, refused to move for fear of revolt among the locals there as well. The governor however,Suetonius Paulinus, marched back from his campaign in Wales to face Boudicca in battle. There was a substantial engagement, somewhere along the line of Watling Street, at the end of which Boudicca was utterly defeated. The province was pacified once more.

Over the next twenty years the borders expanded but little, but the governorship of Agricola saw the last pockets of independence in Wales and Northern England finally incorporated into the province. He also led a campaign into Scotland, but from these conquests he was recalled by the Emperor Domitian, and the border gradually solidified along the line of the Stanegate in Northern England. Hadrian's Wall was built along this line in 138 AD; apart from a number of temporary forays into Scotland, this was now the border. The Romans, and their culture, were here to stay; over the course of their three hundred and fifty years in charge, England's landscape would become ubiquitously impregnated with traces of their presence. 

How to Learn English Speaking

video how to learn english speaking

Types of Linguistics

1. Theoretical Linguistics

• Theoretical linguistics deals with the scientific structure of language, including grammar, syntax, morphology and semantics. It attempts to explain language according to a set of rules or theories.

2. Descriptive Linguistics

• Descriptive linguistics analyzes the use of language within society, tracking language changes over time and the use of languages around the world. For example, a descriptive linguist might pose the question "How has the English language evolved since the time of Shakespeare?"

  3. Applied Linguistics

  • Applied linguistics is the largest field of linguistics today, encompassing psychological, social and anthropological linguistics. Applied linguistics tends to be more science-based and generally practical, involving areas such as studying child development, drafting copyright laws or conducting an interrogation.

  4. Computational Linguistics

  • Computational linguistics represents the convergence of technology and natural language. A computational linguist may develop online or digital translators and speech recognition devices.

  5. Comparative Linguistics

  • Comparative linguistics is the study of the relationships between two or more languages and the investigation of whether the languages have a common ancestor.

UNDANG - UNDANG ITE

UNDANG-UNDANG-ITE

Meaning Of The Language

    Language is a system that people use to communicate, or share information. Language includes speaking, writing, and making gestures, or body movements. Early human ancestors began using spoken language several million years ago. Humans began writing about 5,000 years ago. Language made it possible for human societies to develop.

     Humans are born with the ability to understand language. Without any special training, children learn to speak by listening to other people's speech. Other forms of language, such as writing and sign language, must be taught.

Belajar Conversation Bahasa Inggris dengan Cepat, Mudah dan Tepat

1. Belajar Secara Berpasangan
jika ingin belajar percakapan bahasa Inggris , Anda tidak bisa melakukannya sendirian. Jika ingin memilih pasangan untuk belajar percakapan B. Inggris, carilah orang yang sudah lebih pandai atau terampil dari Anda. Dengan proses belajar seperti ini, hasil yang didapatkan juga akan lebih baik.

2. Menggunakan Materi Multimedia untuk Mendukung Proses Belajar
Materi multimedia dalam bentuk audio atau video akan membantu Anda untuk belajar dengan cara yang lebih cepat. Belajar conversation bahasa Inggris  akan menjadi lebih mudah jika Anda menggunakan materi tersebut. Anda bisa memahami pengucapan secara langsung dan bisa menirukannya saat pembicara tersebut mengucapkan sesuatu. Selain itu, materi bisa diulang-ulang sebanyak yang Anda mau.

3. Mencari Tempat Kursus yang Tepat
Untuk membuat proses belajar menjadi lebih cepat dan menyenangkan, Anda perlu mencari tempat kursus yang tepat untuk mendukung kebutuhan tersebut. Banyak tempat kursus menyediakan program dan keunggulan menarik yang patut dipertimbangkan. Penawaran tersebut tentu harus membuat Anda lebih selektif dalam memilih tempat kursus yang benar-benar mampu memberikan solusi tepat. Bacalah brosur atau website yang menawarkan tempat kursus tersebut dengan seksama. Pahami apa yang mereka tawarkan dan apakah sesuai dengan kebutuhan Anda. Pelajari metode belajar yang mereka tawarkan karena metode tersebut akan mempengaruhi hasil akhir yang Anda dapatkan. Tidak semua tempat kursus menyediakan metode efektif untuk mendukung proses belajar Anda. Setelah Anda menemukan program yang sesuai untuk kebutuhan belajar, Anda bisa mempertimbangkan faktor lain, yaitu biaya kursus untuk belajar conversation bahasa Inggris 

British Foods

Pies and Puddings

Pie

Pudding

Pies and puddings are related phenomena in British culinary history. Originally, both solved the problem of preparing dinners made with less expensive meats. Pies covered a stew or other ingredients with a crust; puddings were made from butcher's scraps tucked into a sheep's stomach, then steamed or boiled. Pies have remained pies, although, in addition to savory pies, there now exist sweet variations, which tend to have two crusts or a bottom crust only.

Pie crusts can be made from a short dough or puff pastry. Snacks and bar food (Britain's fifth food group) are often in pie form: pasties (pronounced with a short "a" like "had") are filled turn over.

Buns and Cakes

Bun and Cake

Over time, however, in a confusing development, pudding has become a more general term for a sweet or savory steamed mixture as well as a word that describes desserts in general. For example, black pudding is actually made with pig's blood. Whereas plum pudding is a Christmas treat consisting of a steamed cake of beef suet (the white fat around the kidney and loins) and dried and candied fruits soaked in brandy. And, of course, one can't forget rice pudding.

Amongst cakes, buns and pastries local delicacies include Bath Buns, Chelsea Buns, Eccles Cakes, and Banbury Cakes.